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Download Free PDF. Construction of Values in Online and Offline Dating Discourses: Comparing Presentational and Articulated Rhetorics of Relationship Seeking. Jimmie Manning. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package This paper. A short summary of this paper. READ PAPER. IntroductionThe commercial trajectory of online dating suggests it will continue to be a popular way of seeking romantic partners, online and offline dating pdf.
The same report estimated that 16 million individuals had gone to websites to meet people online. Indeed, it would appear that online dating continues to online and offline dating pdf as a solid and stable entry in the continually expanding ways people attempt to tap into the ''utopian potential the internet holds for our relationships'' Baym,p.
Studies of online dating suggest a great deal of thought and consideration go into identityconstruction processes. Online daters are faced with a continuous cycle of self-disclosure that is shaped by how they believe others may see them.
As Heino, Ellison, and Gibbs assert, in many ways online dating turns relationship-building processes into a metaphorical marketplace where interested individuals shop each others' profiles in hope of finding romantic love.
This marketplace metaphor helps to explain why so much online and offline dating pdf the existing research about online dating focuses on topics such as uncertainty reduction e. Online dating participants are aware that while shopping, they may be dealing with a product that is being sold; and that what they are buying relationally may be different from what it seems.
Online and offline dating pdf existing research has built from traditional print personal advertisement studies e. Specifically, this study uses analysis of 30 online personal advertisements and qualitative interviews with the individuals who placed the ads to interrogate rhetorical dimensions of values, beliefs, and attitudes as they are constructed in an online dating environment.
Informed by past research regarding online self-presentation e. To begin, previous research examining online self-presentation is reviewed. Online Self-PresentationDrawing upon the work of BaumeisterGoffmanand Learyonline and offline dating pdf, Toma and Hancock define self-presentation as the ''packaging and editing of the self during social interactions to create a desired impression in the audience' ' p.
The behaviors associated with positive self-presentation are not, as one would expect, unique to online dating interactions. Individuals creating online profiles are afforded asynchronicity and editability in the process Walther, Walther, allowing them a comfortable space for constructing rhetorical possibility especially compared to face-to-face interaction.
Online daters report that they often consider how others might scrutinize the cues they online and offline dating pdf. The same research also demonstrates that those engaging online dating tend to make overattributions based on minimal cues provided by other online daters while also scrutinizing even the most minuscule of details in order to make an assessment about viability.
Toma and Hancock found that not only was compensation frequently used in the construction of online personal advertisements, but so was deceptive self-enhancement frequently via online photos and the showcasing of desired attributes one possesses. Research about personal advertisements has also revealed that those crafting ads face dilemmas about whether to engage an honest self-presentation that will likely produce fewer dates or to self-aggrandize and produce a deceptive self-presentation that may attract more potential mates Whitty, Still, given that some research indicates misrepresentation is less online and offline dating pdf when individuals have the potential of meeting someone face-to-face at a later date Leary, ;Toma et al.
Research about potential deceptions in online personal advertisements e. Up until now, online and offline dating pdf, however, such research has not considered rhetorical dimensions of what has been constructed in online and offline dating pdf advertisements. For example, Hancock and Toma found that ''the profile photograph is now a central component of online self-presentation, and one that is critical for relational success'' p. How, specifically, might it work as a suasive force?
What might the rhetorical vision be of the person who chose to include it in her or his advertisement? No doubt, constructing a personal ad requires people to turn to what Aristotle coined ''available means of persuasion''p. This study takes up Duck's challenge to examine such rhetorical dimensions of relational discourses and consider how these rhetorics carry ''social and relational consequences'' yet are also ''constrained by social and relational forces'' p.
A rhetorical approach to relationships considers that ''words are not idly chosen but express personality, attitudes, and a person's total view of the nature of the world and their self-identity within culture'' Duck,p. This epistemology offers the potential to explicate new understandings of online dating. Rhetoric and RelationshipsGiven the rhetorical nature of online dating, this study is grounded in the ongoing scholarly work exploring rhetorics of relationships e.
These exigencies include public articulations regarding how specific relationships should operate, values dimensions of particular relationship types, and larger questions about what actually constitutes a relationship.
In short, rhetorics are conduits for meaning-making about relationships in a given culture. Presentational and Online and offline dating pdf RhetoricsAlthough romantic decision-making does not necessarily lend itself to rational understandings, it does lend itself or, perhaps, becomes entangled in individuals' and cultures' attempts to rationalize the process Duck, A variety of studies have examined how people often make emotional decisions and then, maybe even unconsciously, rationalize logical reasons for those decisions e.
As such, Kenneth Burke's observation that ''wherever there is 'meaning' there is 'persuasion'' 'p. Once an individual buys into and articulates meaning, it asserts a particular way of seeing or envisioning a reality.
This study, then, approaches personal ads as socially constructed rhetorical visions. Rhetorical vision is defined as ''a depiction of values, preferences, or opinions, whether explicit or implicit'' Duck,p. In this study, I argue personal ads serve as a form of explicit rhetoric openly trying to persuade another to take interest; and, in the case of my interviews with those who placed the advertisements, the talk to me as an interviewer serves as a form of implicit rhetoric where ''a person's values, judgments, preferences, and opinions are bound up in the topics chosen or avoided in everyday conversation'' Duck,p.
That is, there are two different rhetorics being observed and analyzed in this study: what I call presentational rhetorics, where individuals engage a heightened awareness of suasive forces as they attempt to attract another in relational pursuit; and articulated rhetorics, online and offline dating pdf, where individuals are less focused on language's suasive forces and the exigencies of the social situation as they present themselves to me as an interviewer.
While I separate these rhetorics here, they both play into a communicative relationality Condit, where deeper understanding is generated in context of and as constituted through each other.
Alone they are informative; by placing the two side by side and considering their interplay, each can be better understood. Rhetorics of relationships in online personal advertisementsOnline dating profiles often serve two purposes: attracting and impressing potential mates and allowing for others to scrutinize the potential that someone might be a good match.
Clearly, online and offline dating pdf, these purposes involve relational rhetorics constructed through numerous verbal and visual cues with multiple layers of meaning, online and offline dating pdf. As Gibbs et al, online and offline dating pdf. Thus, for any given symbol offered through online personal advertisements, multiple meanings can be generated, especially because communication does not have to be intentional to be intentionally strategic Kellerman, Consequently, the choices made in presentational rhetorics of personal advertisements are multilayered, online and offline dating pdf, complex, and significant to the online dating process.
Rhetorical constructions of relational selves can happen in many ways in an online environment. In examining homepages, Wynn and Katz discovered that homepages often constructed a linkage to offline social groups through self-description, generating an applied audience, and providing links that demonstrated other people, groups, or interests.
Individuals often include personal tastes to draw links between similarities and differences to others Liu, These rhetorical choices, and others, raise the stakes in regards to online daters' desire to ''present themselves as unique individuals within the constraints of a technical system that encourage[s] homogeneity, negotiating a desire to stand out and the need to blend in'' Ellison et al.
Rhetoric and self-presentationIn discussing online dating, Toma and Hancock point out that ''self-presentation is a complex and communicative process that involves understanding one's own strengths and weaknesses, being receptive to the values of the target audience, and using the medium online and offline dating pdf communication to one's advantage'' p. This observation is of particular relevance to rhetorics of self-presentation that occur in online personal advertisements.
Leary and Kowalski assert that image construction generally is reliant upon considering the values of the person or online and offline dating pdf who may be the target of a self-presentation, and constructing a self-presentation involves strategizing and acting in order to achieve desired impressions.
As these considerations illustrate-and those that become apparent in examining the data collected for this study-those seeking dating relationships online face many exigencies. The methods for this study seek to explicate such exigencies.
Methods Participants and ProceduresAll participants in this study were members of a commercial dating website and maintained an active online dating profile. The site was selected based on popularity and its open-ended nature that allowed participants to put more of their own ideas into the advertisements in narrative form as opposed to some sites that guide participants with numerous questions.
Participants for the study were initially located by examining a list of individuals who had been involved with a past study not related to this topic and who indicated interest in being involved with future research studies.
From there, participants were located through snowball sampling with an eye toward generating as diverse a sample as possible. Of the 30 individuals involved in the study, 15 were men and 15 were women, with ten of the men identifying as ''men seeking women'' and five as ''men seeking men;'' and ten of the women identifying as ''women seeking men'' and five identifying as ''women seeking women. Participants were asked to share a web link to their online personal advertisement and to bring a copy of this advertisement to an interview session.
In advance of interview sessions, I familiarized myself with the personal advertisements to gain a sense of what they contained. Once meeting with the participants usually in a public location over coffee or teaI covered six items.
The first and second asked what they were looking for and had to offer in terms of a dating relationship ''What are you looking for in a dating relationship? While participants were answering online and offline dating pdf questions, I took notes about anything they talked about that did not appear in their personal ads.
For the fifth item, I presented participants with a copy of their individual personal advertisements and asked them to tell me about the choices they made in writing their advertisements and for the pictures included ''I have a copy of your personal ad here.
Do you mind taking me through it and telling me about each element? Finally, I went to the list of things mentioned earlier in interviews that were not mentioned in the ads and asked about why they were not included in the online personal advertisement ''Okay, I made a list of the things you told me earlier in the interview about what you had to offer or what you wanted in a dating relationship but that you didn't include in your personal ad.
I want to go through them one by one and hear about your choice to not include them in your online ad. The interview was structured so as that the first four questions would generate an articulated rhetoric that spoke to how individuals were presenting their relational selves to a segment of the social order given that I identified myself as a social scientist and that the individuals were not pursuing a romantic relationship with me, online and offline dating pdf.
The fifth question served as a validity check. The sixth question allowed for me to further consider the relationally discursive component of this study. That is, given that this research seeks to understand rhetorical dimensions of online dating profiles, online and offline dating pdf, comparing the presentational rhetorics in the actual personal ads separate from the interview sessions with the articulated rhetorics from the interview sessions questions and then examining participants' rhetorical articulations of differences between online and offline discourses question 6 allowed for a fuller rhetorical understanding of the relationality of both rhetorics.
This brevity made sense given the simple nature of the questions; and it was particularly appropriate given the shorter length of most of the personal ads. After transcribing, a total of double-spaced pages of data were available for analysis as well as 30 personal advertisements that contained both words usually about words per participant, not including standard demographic categories and images photos per ad.
All participants indicated that they were searching for a long-term relationship. Data AnalysisIn online and offline dating pdf with the goals of this study, an analytical method was sought that allowed for a deep consideration of the means being used to form presentational and articulated rhetorics of dating.
To that end, values coding Saldaña, was employed. Saldaña developed values coding from the work of LeCompte and Preissle as a way of interpretively analyzing data in consideration of values, attitudes, and beliefs. This articulation of values, attitudes, and beliefs lines up well with the traditional rhetorical proofs of ethos, pathos, and logos, respectively.
Values express ''the importance we attribute to oneself, another person, thing or idea'' Saldaña,p, online and offline dating pdf. Once salient attitudes, values, and beliefs are assessed, the researcher then examines how they collectively allow a system of meaning. To this end, values coding was applied separately to the personal advertisements and to the interview data. Each sentence was considered in terms of the beliefs, values, and attitudes it contained.
Typically sentences would require being coded with multiple beliefs, values, and attitudes; and many statements were coded as both an attitude and a value or as an attitude and a belief e. Categories were interpretively derived from coding results.
IntroductionOnline dating has emerged as a popular way to meet romantic partners; some 16 million Americans have used an online dating website [1]. Although online dating offers seemingly limitless new relationship options, it fails to meet users' high expectations, and online daters continue to report a general preference for offline dating over online dating [2].We suggest that this widespread disappointment is due in part to a critical mismatch between online and offline Online dating is the “practice of using dating sites to find a romantic partner” (Finkel et al., , pp. 7). By contrast, conventional offline dating is “the way people meet potential romantic partners in their everyday lives through non-Internet activities blogger.com - How To Date The Hottest Women\u Online And Offline \u00a9 Wings Of Success
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